![]() ![]() At the same time, overexploitation and pollution in the natural water resources are also threatening to the ecosystems (Gupta et al. To fulfill this additional water demand, dependability on the sub-surface water has been increased (Omar et al. During last decades, the requirement of water has been increased rapidly due to rise in the population and fast industrialization. Surface water, which is found on the surface of the earth such as rivers, lakes, oceans while in sub-surface, water that find beneath the ground surface and collects in underground. It has been found in the surface and sub-surface in the earth. It is necessary for human development, socio-economic development, and ecosystem diversity. Water is one of the most essential and valuable resources among the many natural resources found in the earth. This type of study will be beneficial for the hydrologist and water resource engineers to predict the groundwater flow behavior, before implementing any project or to implement a correction scheme. The study revealed that groundwater modeling is an important method for knowing the behavior of aquifer systems and to detect groundwater head under different varying hydrological stresses. Developed groundwater model is used to predict the groundwater head and flow budget in the concerned area. Comparison results have been found to be encouraging and the computed groundwater head matched with the observed water head to a realistic level of accuracy. With the help of observation well data, computed and observed heads were compared. For validation of the model, fifteen observation wells have been selected in the area. After model development, calibration of the model was also done, by considering three model parameters, to represent the actual field conditions. Koshi originates from the lower part of Tibet and joins the Ganga River in Katihar district, Bihar, India. In north Bihar plains, the Koshi River is one of the biggest tributaries of the Ganga River system. In this study, a transient multi-layered groundwater flow model was conceptualized and developed for the Koshi River basin. This model is capable of solving large groundwater problems and associated complexity with it. Assessment of the groundwater was done by preparing a numerical model of the groundwater flow. To meet this groundwater demand, excessive withdrawal of groundwater is a point of concern due to limited storage of it. There is rise in the groundwater demand due to rapid population increase and fast industrialization. In Bihar, for drinking purpose humans, livestock is dependent on the groundwater as well as in agricultural areas groundwater plays an important role in irrigation directly or indirectly. ![]() ![]() Effective management of water resource is essential in arid and semi-arid areas of India. ![]()
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